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| Atrial fibrillation. The tracing demonstrates the absence of P waves (long arrow), as well as the presence of the fine f waves of atrial fibrillation (short arrows). Note the irregularity of the ventricular response, as seen from the variable R-R interval (brackets). [Source] |
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| Common cardiac and non-cardiac causes of aftial fibrillation. |
It is not always possible to restore and maintain sinus rhythm in patients with AF.
If sinus rhythm cannot be maintained, treatment should be directed towards controlling the heart rate with
- digoxin,
- ß-blockers,
- rate-limiting calcium-channel blockers (verapamil or diltiazem) or
- amiodarone.
